Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.
Identifieur interne : 000258 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000257; suivant : 000259Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.
Auteurs : Alimuddin Zumla [Royaume-Uni] ; Markus Maeurer [Suède] ; Jeremiah Chakaya [Kenya] ; Michael Hoelscher [Allemagne] ; Francine Ntoumi [Allemagne] ; Roxana Rustomjee [Afrique du Sud] ; Cristina Vilaplana [Espagne] ; Dorothy Yeboah-Manu [Ghana] ; Voahangy Rasolof [Madagascar] ; Paula Munderi [Ouganda] ; Nalini Singh [Afrique du Sud] ; Eleni Aklillu [Suède] ; Nesri Padayatchi [Afrique du Sud] ; Eusebio Macete [Mozambique] ; Nathan Kapata [Zambie] ; Modest Mulenga [Zambie] ; Gibson Kibiki [Tanzanie] ; Sayoki Mfinanga [Tanzanie] ; Thomas Nyirenda ; Leonard Maboko [Tanzanie] ; Alberto Garcia-Basteiro [Mozambique] ; Niaina Rakotosamimanana [Madagascar] ; Matthew Bates [Zambie] ; Peter Mwaba [Zambie] ; Klaus Reither [Suisse] ; Sebastien Gagneux [Suisse] ; Sarah Edwards [Royaume-Uni] ; Elirehema Mfinanga [Tanzanie] ; Salim Abdulla [Tanzanie] ; Pere-Joan Cardona [Espagne] ; James B W. Russell [Sierra Leone] ; Vanya Gant [Royaume-Uni] ; Mahdad Noursadeghi [Royaume-Uni] ; Paul Elkington [Royaume-Uni] ; Maryline Bonnet [France] ; Clara Menendez ; Tandakha N. Dieye [Sénégal] ; Bassirou Diarra [Mali] ; Almoustapha Maiga [Mali] ; Abraham Aseffa [Éthiopie] ; Shreemanta Parida [Suède] ; Christian Wejse [Danemark] ; Eskild Petersen [Danemark] ; Pontiano Kaleebu [Ouganda] ; Matt Oliver [Royaume-Uni] ; Gill Craig [Royaume-Uni] ; Tumena Corrah [Royaume-Uni] ; Leopold Tientcheu [Gambie] ; Martin Antonio [Gambie] ; Martin Rao [Suède] ; Timothy D. Mchugh [Royaume-Uni] ; Aziz Sheikh [Royaume-Uni] ; Giuseppe Ippolito [Italie] ; Gita Ramjee ; Stefan H E. Kaufmann [Allemagne] ; Gavin Churchyard [Afrique du Sud] ; Andrie Steyn [Afrique du Sud] ; Martin Grobusch [Pays-Bas] ; Ian Sanne [Afrique du Sud] ; Neil Martinson [Afrique du Sud] ; Rajhmun Madansein [Afrique du Sud] ; Robert J. Wilkinson [Royaume-Uni] ; Bongani Mayosi [Afrique du Sud] ; Marco Schito [États-Unis] ; Robert S. Wallis [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Nature reviews. Drug discovery [ 1474-1784 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- administration et posologie : Antituberculeux.
- pharmacologie : Antituberculeux.
- traitement médicamenteux : Tuberculose.
- usage thérapeutique : Antituberculeux.
- Association de médicaments, Conception de médicament, Humains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Thérapie moléculaire ciblée.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Antitubercular Agents.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antitubercular Agents.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Antitubercular Agents.
- drug effects : Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- drug therapy : Tuberculosis.
- Drug Design, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy.
Abstract
The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.
DOI: 10.1038/nrd4696
PubMed: 26184493
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Allemagne, Danemark, Espagne, France, Gambie, Ghana, Italie, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Ouganda, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Sierra Leone, Suisse, Suède, Sénégal, Tanzanie, Zambie, États-Unis, Éthiopie
- Angleterre, Arizona, Bavière, Berlin, Catalogne, District de Haute-Bavière, Grand Londres, Hollande-Septentrionale, Latium, Région du Grand Accra, Svealand, Écosse, Île-de-France
- Accra, Amsterdam, Barcelone, Berlin, Legon (Ghana), Londres, Munich, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Édimbourg
- Université d'Amsterdam, Université d'Édimbourg, Université du Ghana
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Le document en format XML
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[2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. 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Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakaya, Jeremiah" sort="Chakaya, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Chakaya J" first="Jeremiah" last="Chakaya">Jeremiah Chakaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the 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Tübingen</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rustomjee, Roxana" sort="Rustomjee, Roxana" uniqKey="Rustomjee R" first="Roxana" last="Rustomjee">Roxana Rustomjee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilaplana, Cristina" sort="Vilaplana, Cristina" uniqKey="Vilaplana C" first="Cristina" last="Vilaplana">Cristina Vilaplana</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Ghana</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><settlement type="town">Legon (Ghana)</settlement><region type="region">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasolof, Voahangy" sort="Rasolof, Voahangy" uniqKey="Rasolof V" first="Voahangy" last="Rasolof">Voahangy Rasolof</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munderi, Paula" sort="Munderi, Paula" uniqKey="Munderi P" first="Paula" last="Munderi">Paula Munderi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Entebbe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Nalini" sort="Singh, Nalini" uniqKey="Singh N" first="Nalini" last="Singh">Nalini Singh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aklillu, Eleni" sort="Aklillu, Eleni" uniqKey="Aklillu E" first="Eleni" last="Aklillu">Eleni Aklillu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padayatchi, Nesri" sort="Padayatchi, Nesri" uniqKey="Padayatchi N" first="Nesri" last="Padayatchi">Nesri Padayatchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macete, Eusebio" sort="Macete, Eusebio" uniqKey="Macete E" first="Eusebio" last="Macete">Eusebio Macete</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mozambique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maputo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulenga, Modest" sort="Mulenga, Modest" uniqKey="Mulenga M" first="Modest" last="Mulenga">Modest Mulenga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ndola</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kibiki, Gibson" sort="Kibiki, Gibson" uniqKey="Kibiki G" first="Gibson" last="Kibiki">Gibson Kibiki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kilimanjaro</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyirenda, Thomas" sort="Nyirenda, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyirenda T" first="Thomas" last="Nyirenda">Thomas Nyirenda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maboko, Leonard" sort="Maboko, Leonard" uniqKey="Maboko L" first="Leonard" last="Maboko">Leonard Maboko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mbeya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" sort="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" uniqKey="Garcia Basteiro A" first="Alberto" last="Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto Garcia-Basteiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mozambique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maputo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" sort="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" uniqKey="Rakotosamimanana N" first="Niaina" last="Rakotosamimanana">Niaina Rakotosamimanana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reither, Klaus" sort="Reither, Klaus" uniqKey="Reither K" first="Klaus" last="Reither">Klaus Reither</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Elirehema" sort="Mfinanga, Elirehema" uniqKey="Mfinanga E" first="Elirehema" last="Mfinanga">Elirehema Mfinanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bagamoyo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulla, Salim" sort="Abdulla, Salim" uniqKey="Abdulla S" first="Salim" last="Abdulla">Salim Abdulla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar-es-Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardona, Pere Joan" sort="Cardona, Pere Joan" uniqKey="Cardona P" first="Pere-Joan" last="Cardona">Pere-Joan Cardona</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, James B W" sort="Russell, James B W" uniqKey="Russell J" first="James B W" last="Russell">James B W. Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Sierra Leone</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gant, Vanya" sort="Gant, Vanya" uniqKey="Gant V" first="Vanya" last="Gant">Vanya Gant</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" sort="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" uniqKey="Noursadeghi M" first="Mahdad" last="Noursadeghi">Mahdad Noursadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elkington, Paul" sort="Elkington, Paul" uniqKey="Elkington P" first="Paul" last="Elkington">Paul Elkington</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Southampton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, IRD, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, IRD, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menendez, Clara" sort="Menendez, Clara" uniqKey="Menendez C" first="Clara" last="Menendez">Clara Menendez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global health, Barcelona, Spain. Immunology Unit-Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie, Le Dantec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Le Dantec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dieye, Tandakha N" sort="Dieye, Tandakha N" uniqKey="Dieye T" first="Tandakha N" last="Dieye">Tandakha N. Dieye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maiga, Almoustapha" sort="Maiga, Almoustapha" uniqKey="Maiga A" first="Almoustapha" last="Maiga">Almoustapha Maiga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parida, Shreemanta" sort="Parida, Shreemanta" uniqKey="Parida S" first="Shreemanta" last="Parida">Shreemanta Parida</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wejse, Christian" sort="Wejse, Christian" uniqKey="Wejse C" first="Christian" last="Wejse">Christian Wejse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Entebbe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliver, Matt" sort="Oliver, Matt" uniqKey="Oliver M" first="Matt" last="Oliver">Matt Oliver</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Results UK, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Results UK, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Gill" sort="Craig, Gill" uniqKey="Craig G" first="Gill" last="Craig">Gill Craig</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumena" sort="Corrah, Tumena" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumena" last="Corrah">Tumena Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold" last="Tientcheu">Leopold Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London NW3 2PF</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheikh, Aziz" sort="Sheikh, Aziz" uniqKey="Sheikh A" first="Aziz" last="Sheikh">Aziz Sheikh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramjee, Gita" sort="Ramjee, Gita" uniqKey="Ramjee G" first="Gita" last="Ramjee">Gita Ramjee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV prevention Research Unit, MRC, Durban South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Durban South Africa</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" sort="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" uniqKey="Kaufmann S" first="Stefan H E" last="Kaufmann">Stefan H E. Kaufmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churchyard, Gavin" sort="Churchyard, Gavin" uniqKey="Churchyard G" first="Gavin" last="Churchyard">Gavin Churchyard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steyn, Andrie" sort="Steyn, Andrie" uniqKey="Steyn A" first="Andrie" last="Steyn">Andrie Steyn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grobusch, Martin" sort="Grobusch, Martin" uniqKey="Grobusch M" first="Martin" last="Grobusch">Martin Grobusch</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health research Unit, Soweto, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health research Unit, Soweto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Soweto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madansein, Rajhmun" sort="Madansein, Rajhmun" uniqKey="Madansein R" first="Rajhmun" last="Madansein">Rajhmun Madansein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert J" sort="Wilkinson, Robert J" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert J" last="Wilkinson">Robert J. Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayosi, Bongani" sort="Mayosi, Bongani" uniqKey="Mayosi B" first="Bongani" last="Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schito, Marco" sort="Schito, Marco" uniqKey="Schito M" first="Marco" last="Schito">Marco Schito</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, Robert S" sort="Wallis, Robert S" uniqKey="Wallis R" first="Robert S" last="Wallis">Robert S. Wallis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26184493</idno><idno type="pmid">26184493</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nrd4696</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000943</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000943</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000942</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000942</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000942</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000942</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000852</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000852</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000852</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000258</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000258</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000258</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Towards host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.</title><author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maeurer, Markus" sort="Maeurer, Markus" uniqKey="Maeurer M" first="Markus" last="Maeurer">Markus Maeurer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakaya, Jeremiah" sort="Chakaya, Jeremiah" uniqKey="Chakaya J" first="Jeremiah" last="Chakaya">Jeremiah Chakaya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoelscher, Michael" sort="Hoelscher, Michael" uniqKey="Hoelscher M" first="Michael" last="Hoelscher">Michael Hoelscher</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), and DZIF German Centre for Infection Research, Munich</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ntoumi, Francine" sort="Ntoumi, Francine" uniqKey="Ntoumi F" first="Francine" last="Ntoumi">Francine Ntoumi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo and Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo and Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>University of Tübingen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rustomjee, Roxana" sort="Rustomjee, Roxana" uniqKey="Rustomjee R" first="Roxana" last="Rustomjee">Roxana Rustomjee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilaplana, Cristina" sort="Vilaplana, Cristina" uniqKey="Vilaplana C" first="Cristina" last="Vilaplana">Cristina Vilaplana</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" sort="Yeboah Manu, Dorothy" uniqKey="Yeboah Manu D" first="Dorothy" last="Yeboah-Manu">Dorothy Yeboah-Manu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Ghana</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><settlement type="town">Legon (Ghana)</settlement><region type="region">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasolof, Voahangy" sort="Rasolof, Voahangy" uniqKey="Rasolof V" first="Voahangy" last="Rasolof">Voahangy Rasolof</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munderi, Paula" sort="Munderi, Paula" uniqKey="Munderi P" first="Paula" last="Munderi">Paula Munderi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Entebbe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Nalini" sort="Singh, Nalini" uniqKey="Singh N" first="Nalini" last="Singh">Nalini Singh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aklillu, Eleni" sort="Aklillu, Eleni" uniqKey="Aklillu E" first="Eleni" last="Aklillu">Eleni Aklillu</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padayatchi, Nesri" sort="Padayatchi, Nesri" uniqKey="Padayatchi N" first="Nesri" last="Padayatchi">Nesri Padayatchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for AIDS Prevention Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), SAMRC CAPRISA HIV -TB pathogenesis and treatment research unit, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macete, Eusebio" sort="Macete, Eusebio" uniqKey="Macete E" first="Eusebio" last="Macete">Eusebio Macete</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mozambique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maputo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kapata, Nathan" sort="Kapata, Nathan" uniqKey="Kapata N" first="Nathan" last="Kapata">Nathan Kapata</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulenga, Modest" sort="Mulenga, Modest" uniqKey="Mulenga M" first="Modest" last="Mulenga">Modest Mulenga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ndola</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kibiki, Gibson" sort="Kibiki, Gibson" uniqKey="Kibiki G" first="Gibson" last="Kibiki">Gibson Kibiki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), Kilimanjaro</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kilimanjaro</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Sayoki" sort="Mfinanga, Sayoki" uniqKey="Mfinanga S" first="Sayoki" last="Mfinanga">Sayoki Mfinanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyirenda, Thomas" sort="Nyirenda, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyirenda T" first="Thomas" last="Nyirenda">Thomas Nyirenda</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Cape Town, South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">South Africa; not officially a partner of this consortium but participated in the HDT-NET Cape Town launch</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maboko, Leonard" sort="Maboko, Leonard" uniqKey="Maboko L" first="Leonard" last="Maboko">Leonard Maboko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mbeya</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" sort="Garcia Basteiro, Alberto" uniqKey="Garcia Basteiro A" first="Alberto" last="Garcia-Basteiro">Alberto Garcia-Basteiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mozambique</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça, Maputo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maputo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" sort="Rakotosamimanana, Niaina" uniqKey="Rakotosamimanana N" first="Niaina" last="Rakotosamimanana">Niaina Rakotosamimanana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Madagascar</country><wicri:regionArea>Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antananarivo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bates, Matthew" sort="Bates, Matthew" uniqKey="Bates M" first="Matthew" last="Bates">Matthew Bates</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaba, Peter" sort="Mwaba, Peter" uniqKey="Mwaba P" first="Peter" last="Mwaba">Peter Mwaba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Zambie</country><wicri:regionArea>UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lusaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reither, Klaus" sort="Reither, Klaus" uniqKey="Reither K" first="Klaus" last="Reither">Klaus Reither</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gagneux, Sebastien" sort="Gagneux, Sebastien" uniqKey="Gagneux S" first="Sebastien" last="Gagneux">Sebastien Gagneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Basel</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethics and Governance, NIHR BRC at University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mfinanga, Elirehema" sort="Mfinanga, Elirehema" uniqKey="Mfinanga E" first="Elirehema" last="Mfinanga">Elirehema Mfinanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bagamoyo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulla, Salim" sort="Abdulla, Salim" uniqKey="Abdulla S" first="Salim" last="Abdulla">Salim Abdulla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar-es-Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardona, Pere Joan" sort="Cardona, Pere Joan" uniqKey="Cardona P" first="Pere-Joan" last="Cardona">Pere-Joan Cardona</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i PujolEdifici Laboratoris de Recerca Can Ruti Campus, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, James B W" sort="Russell, James B W" uniqKey="Russell J" first="James B W" last="Russell">James B W. Russell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, Connaught Hospital, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Sierra Leone</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gant, Vanya" sort="Gant, Vanya" uniqKey="Gant V" first="Vanya" last="Gant">Vanya Gant</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" sort="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" uniqKey="Noursadeghi M" first="Mahdad" last="Noursadeghi">Mahdad Noursadeghi</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK. [2] Department of Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elkington, Paul" sort="Elkington, Paul" uniqKey="Elkington P" first="Paul" last="Elkington">Paul Elkington</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Respiratory Medicine department, Southampton University, Southampton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Southampton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, Maryline" sort="Bonnet, Maryline" uniqKey="Bonnet M" first="Maryline" last="Bonnet">Maryline Bonnet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Epicentre, IRD, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Epicentre, IRD, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menendez, Clara" sort="Menendez, Clara" uniqKey="Menendez C" first="Clara" last="Menendez">Clara Menendez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global health, Barcelona, Spain. Immunology Unit-Laboratoire Bactériologie Virologie, Le Dantec.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Le Dantec</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dieye, Tandakha N" sort="Dieye, Tandakha N" uniqKey="Dieye T" first="Tandakha N" last="Dieye">Tandakha N. Dieye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center, Senegal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital, Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Laboratories of the National Blood Transfusion Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarra, Bassirou" sort="Diarra, Bassirou" uniqKey="Diarra B" first="Bassirou" last="Diarra">Bassirou Diarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maiga, Almoustapha" sort="Maiga, Almoustapha" uniqKey="Maiga A" first="Almoustapha" last="Maiga">Almoustapha Maiga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako, Mali.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mali</country><wicri:regionArea>SEREFO (HIV/TB Research and Training CenteHIV/TB Research and Training Center, FMOS, University of STT, Bamako</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bamako</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Armaeur Hansen Resrach Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parida, Shreemanta" sort="Parida, Shreemanta" uniqKey="Parida S" first="Shreemanta" last="Parida">Shreemanta Parida</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wejse, Christian" sort="Wejse, Christian" uniqKey="Wejse C" first="Christian" last="Wejse">Christian Wejse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaleebu, Pontiano" sort="Kaleebu, Pontiano" uniqKey="Kaleebu P" first="Pontiano" last="Kaleebu">Pontiano Kaleebu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ouganda</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Entebbe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliver, Matt" sort="Oliver, Matt" uniqKey="Oliver M" first="Matt" last="Oliver">Matt Oliver</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Results UK, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Results UK, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craig, Gill" sort="Craig, Gill" uniqKey="Craig G" first="Gill" last="Craig">Gill Craig</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health Sciences, City University London, City University, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumena" sort="Corrah, Tumena" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumena" last="Corrah">Tumena Corrah</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Northwick Park Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tientcheu, Leopold" sort="Tientcheu, Leopold" uniqKey="Tientcheu L" first="Leopold" last="Tientcheu">Leopold Tientcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antonio, Martin" sort="Antonio, Martin" uniqKey="Antonio M" first="Martin" last="Antonio">Martin Antonio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Banjul, Gambia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Gambie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council, Banjul</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Banjul</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Hospital, Hälsovägen, SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE-14186 Stockholm</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity at the University College London (UCL), London, UK and National Institute of Health Research's Biomedical Research Centre UCL Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Royal Free Campus, 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London NW3 2PF</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheikh, Aziz" sort="Sheikh, Aziz" uniqKey="Sheikh A" first="Aziz" last="Sheikh">Aziz Sheikh</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ippolito, Giuseppe" sort="Ippolito, Giuseppe" uniqKey="Ippolito G" first="Giuseppe" last="Ippolito">Giuseppe Ippolito</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramjee, Gita" sort="Ramjee, Gita" uniqKey="Ramjee G" first="Gita" last="Ramjee">Gita Ramjee</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>HIV prevention Research Unit, MRC, Durban South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Durban South Africa</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" sort="Kaufmann, Stefan H E" uniqKey="Kaufmann S" first="Stefan H E" last="Kaufmann">Stefan H E. Kaufmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute, Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churchyard, Gavin" sort="Churchyard, Gavin" uniqKey="Churchyard G" first="Gavin" last="Churchyard">Gavin Churchyard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steyn, Andrie" sort="Steyn, Andrie" uniqKey="Steyn A" first="Andrie" last="Steyn">Andrie Steyn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis &HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, K-RITH Tower Building, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grobusch, Martin" sort="Grobusch, Martin" uniqKey="Grobusch M" first="Martin" last="Grobusch">Martin Grobusch</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Right to care, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Public Health research Unit, Soweto, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health research Unit, Soweto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Soweto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madansein, Rajhmun" sort="Madansein, Rajhmun" uniqKey="Madansein R" first="Rajhmun" last="Madansein">Rajhmun Madansein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and King DinuZulu Hospital, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert J" sort="Wilkinson, Robert J" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert J" last="Wilkinson">Robert J. Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mayosi, Bongani" sort="Mayosi, Bongani" uniqKey="Mayosi B" first="Bongani" last="Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schito, Marco" sort="Schito, Marco" uniqKey="Schito M" first="Marco" last="Schito">Marco Schito</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Critical Path to TB Drug Regimens, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, Arizona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, Robert S" sort="Wallis, Robert S" uniqKey="Wallis R" first="Robert S" last="Wallis">Robert S. Wallis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Aurum Institute, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature reviews. Drug discovery</title><idno type="eISSN">1474-1784</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents (administration & dosage)</term><term>Antitubercular Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Antitubercular Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Drug Design</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Targeted Therapy</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (drug effects)</term><term>Tuberculosis (drug therapy)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux (administration et posologie)</term><term>Antituberculeux (pharmacologie)</term><term>Antituberculeux (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Association de médicaments</term><term>Conception de médicament</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis ()</term><term>Thérapie moléculaire ciblée</term><term>Tuberculose (traitement médicamenteux)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Antitubercular Agents</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Tuberculosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Tuberculose</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antituberculeux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Drug Design</term><term>Drug Therapy, Combination</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Targeted Therapy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Association de médicaments</term><term>Conception de médicament</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</term><term>Thérapie moléculaire ciblée</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The treatment of tuberculosis is based on combinations of drugs that directly target Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A new global initiative is now focusing on a complementary approach of developing adjunct host-directed therapies.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Gambie</li><li>Ghana</li><li>Italie</li><li>Kenya</li><li>Madagascar</li><li>Mali</li><li>Mozambique</li><li>Ouganda</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Sierra Leone</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>Sénégal</li><li>Tanzanie</li><li>Zambie</li><li>États-Unis</li><li>Éthiopie</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Arizona</li><li>Bavière</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Latium</li><li>Région du Grand Accra</li><li>Svealand</li><li>Écosse</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Accra</li><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Barcelone</li><li>Berlin</li><li>Legon (Ghana)</li><li>Londres</li><li>Munich</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li><li>Stockholm</li><li>Édimbourg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li><li>Université du Ghana</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Menendez, Clara" sort="Menendez, Clara" uniqKey="Menendez C" first="Clara" last="Menendez">Clara Menendez</name><name sortKey="Nyirenda, Thomas" sort="Nyirenda, Thomas" uniqKey="Nyirenda T" first="Thomas" last="Nyirenda">Thomas Nyirenda</name><name sortKey="Ramjee, Gita" sort="Ramjee, Gita" uniqKey="Ramjee G" first="Gita" last="Ramjee">Gita Ramjee</name></noCountry><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name></region><name sortKey="Corrah, Tumena" sort="Corrah, Tumena" uniqKey="Corrah T" first="Tumena" last="Corrah">Tumena Corrah</name><name sortKey="Craig, Gill" sort="Craig, Gill" uniqKey="Craig G" first="Gill" last="Craig">Gill Craig</name><name sortKey="Edwards, Sarah" sort="Edwards, Sarah" uniqKey="Edwards S" first="Sarah" last="Edwards">Sarah Edwards</name><name sortKey="Elkington, Paul" sort="Elkington, Paul" uniqKey="Elkington P" first="Paul" last="Elkington">Paul Elkington</name><name sortKey="Gant, Vanya" sort="Gant, Vanya" uniqKey="Gant V" first="Vanya" last="Gant">Vanya Gant</name><name sortKey="Mchugh, Timothy D" sort="Mchugh, Timothy D" uniqKey="Mchugh T" first="Timothy D" last="Mchugh">Timothy D. Mchugh</name><name sortKey="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" sort="Noursadeghi, Mahdad" uniqKey="Noursadeghi M" first="Mahdad" last="Noursadeghi">Mahdad Noursadeghi</name><name sortKey="Oliver, Matt" sort="Oliver, Matt" uniqKey="Oliver M" first="Matt" last="Oliver">Matt Oliver</name><name sortKey="Sheikh, Aziz" sort="Sheikh, Aziz" uniqKey="Sheikh A" first="Aziz" last="Sheikh">Aziz Sheikh</name><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Robert J" sort="Wilkinson, Robert J" uniqKey="Wilkinson R" first="Robert J" last="Wilkinson">Robert J. 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